Preliminary Material
ELECTROACUPUNCTURE
A Practical Manual and Resource
Foreword by Angela Hicks and John Hicks
Joint Principals of the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Reading, UK
Second Foreword by Zang-Hee Cho
Professor, Radiological Sciences and Psychiatry and Human BehaviorDirector, Functional Imaging and Acupuncture Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE
An imprint of Elsevier Limited© Elsevier Ltd 2004
is a registered trademark of Elsevier Limited
The right of David Mayor to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
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First published 2005 ISBN 0443063699
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the publisher nor the authors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage.
Foreword by Angela and John Hicks
We first saw electroacupuncture being used effectively over twenty-five years ago. The electroacupuncture machine was less sophisticated than those in current use and the practitioner possibly less skilled - but it worked! The patient felt no pain as her tooth was removed. It seemed – and was – miraculous. Since that time we have seen its increasing use in the treatment of many conditions – especially for painful conditions, for treatment in childbirth and for addictions.
Seen in the context of acupuncture’s 2000-plus year history, electroacupuncture is still a relatively ‘young’ technique. Much of its potential is still being explored and its newness invariably throws up both new and exciting information as well as some conflicts and questions. David deals with this in the style of the oldest Chinese medicine traditions. He gives us the information and allows us to hold many truths simultaneously. He makes no secret of the conflicting research and protocols that can be found, but at the same time answers some of our most pressing questions such as: How is electroacupuncture used? What is it used for? What is the theory behind it? Is it thoroughly researched?
Some practitioners will wish to know about the practicalities of electroacupuncture. For them there are clear instructions about how to choose and use electroacupuncture machines as well as treatment protocols for a vast number of conditions. These include the treatment of pain, obstetrics and gynaecology, psychological and nervous conditions, stroke and cerebrovascular diseases and a huge array of other diseases. Accompanying many of these are case studies to illustrate the effects of the treatments and there are many contributions – at least 20 – by experts in their individual fields.
Other practitioners may wish to understand more about the theory of electroacupuncture. For them David has provided a meticulously researched, in-depth exploration into this subject. He has written chapters on electroacupuncture’s historical roots and research into how it works, Best of all, he has provided a research database of over 8000 accessible studies on his accompanying CD-ROM.
In Electroacupuncture David Mayor, together with his contributors, has given us not only a textbook, but also an encyclopaedia. It covers every aspect of the practice of this treatment mode. There is unlikely to be any other textbook on the subject of electroacupuncture to surpass this book in completeness of content and depth and breadth of research. As such it is likely to become a classic and will stay on our shelves as a reference book for countless years to come.
Angela Hicks John Hicks Joint Principals College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Reading, UK
Foreword by Zang-Hee Cho
I am very pleased to have been asked to write this Foreword by my friend David Mayor. Few people can be as knowledgeable as he is on the subject of electroacupuncture (EA), with its roots in both Western science and Eastern tradition.
This unique and much needed book, based on many years of study, practice and teaching, is the most wide-ranging overview of modern times on acupuncture, and electroacupuncture in particular. It is the first description of acupuncture to integrate traditional concepts and modern science to such an extent.
The investigation of acupuncture, as defined by this book, is a complex interdisciplinary process, which we believe has to be based predominantly on modern neuroscience. It embraces complexities and uncertainties that no one person or group can possibly solve alone, although each investigator can contribute to understanding based on their own intellectual and scientific backgrounds.
Acupuncture research is still in its infancy and we do not know exactly how it works. We can hazard many guesses but have neither the definitive experimental results nor clear hypotheses to support particular theories. However, we do now have several established explanations derived from neuroscience, based on neurohumoral responses and autonomic nervous system reflexes. We even have some, albeit preliminary, neuroscientific results from neuroimaging research on the cortical activation that accompanies acupuncture stimulation. These can begin to explain some of acupuncture’s main functions, such as its analgesic effects.
To fully understand acupuncture, however, we need a great deal more scientific exploration, with evidence to support its neurochemical, neurophysiological and neuroimmunological aspects. What seems important at this stage of development is unbiased and statistically well supported scientific experimental study as a foundation for progress towards better understanding. With sufficient basic data and proper scientific hypotheses, we can proceed further. In this connection, I am delighted to see this book, in my opinion possibly the most comprehensive acupuncture science publication ever attempted in its depth and breadth, covering the whole field from a classical acupuncture background to modern physics and electrical theory. I am sure there will be subsequent revisions and additions to this book by the author himself as well as others. With its associated database, it will certainly remain one of the most scientific and comprehensive resources for future acupuncture research.
But this is not a book just about physiological experiments, impersonal technology, theories and scientific evidence. It is also about human values and the application of knowledge in therapy, and offers a rich source of clinical information, remaining respectful of both scientific and traditional approaches.
As a scientist involved in acupuncture research, I can recommend this invaluable book without reservation, both for practising and student acupuncturists who would like to understand the basics of acupuncture in a modern scientific context and as a wonderful reference book for those in the field of acupuncture research.
Zang-Hee Cho Professor, Radiological Sciences and Psychiatry and Human Behavior Director, Functional Imaging and Acupuncture Research University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Preface
There are many varieties of acupuncture, from highly traditional to outrageously avant-garde, although most practitioners are aware of only a few. This book was always intended to expand this awareness, and has been designed with acupuncture students, researchers and practitioners in mind, whether non-medical acupuncturists, physical therapists or doctors.
It began as an attempt to organise electroacupuncture teaching materials into something more widely useful, after I had been exploring the method in practice for eight years or so, and reading the literature for a lot longer than that. I also did not want just to repeat what I had been taught or found for myself, but to pass on what was supported by more objective research. Inta Ozols of Churchill Livingstone, who had been looking for someone to write a book on electroacupuncture, expressed interest. Research and gestation began, the book started to grow … and grow.
While the publishers wanted a thoroughgoing practical introduction to the subject, I had always stubbornly wanted to write more of a research resource, for people to dig into and discover for themselves the richness of non-traditional acupuncture. Over the years since it was first discussed in 1996, the project has developed into something which I think satisfies both the need for a textbook of reasonable length and, at a time when research is very much a focus for anyone involved in acupuncture, for a comprehensive research tool. The result should enable better practice, enhance understanding and increase knowledge.
Readers who want the basics will find their needs met in the book. Those who want more detail can find it in the longer chapter versions on this CD-ROM. And if you need to find out what has actually been done in clinical studies, the flexible CD-ROM database of more than 8000 studies on electroacupuncture and other acupuncture-related modalities should provide ample information. This also available on the Web, at www.electroacupunctureknowledge.com. For innovative content, an innovative structure seemed appropriate. Further information on the structure of this publication and how to use it can be found in the Introduction.
In life, completeness is unattainable, particularly in a large and rapidly changing field. Despite the resources of the Needham Research Institute and the British Library, and much hard work by translators, large chunks of the world acupuncture literature have remained inaccessible to me. And, given its current momentum, it will no doubt always outpace even the most diligent researcher. However, if readers do find mistakes or omissions that they can rectify, assistance would be warmly welcomed. (You may contact me at: info@electroacupunctureknowledge.com.) It goes without saying that any such mistakes or omissions remain my responsibility.
However, as I am discovering, understanding does not mean having to know everything. A little mystery seasons the salad and, to quote Anaïs Nin, ‘the most important of all achievements is to be a human being’.1
Writing this book has been a huge challenge. I am grateful for the opportunity it has given me to learn and grow and to practise acupuncture more effectively for my patients. I hope it will help others to do the same.
DFM Welwyn Garden City October 2004
About this CD-ROM
This CD-ROM version of Electroacupuncture contains all the chapters that are in the book, each one following its original uncut version. These are usually considerably longer than the printed chapters, and contain all the references used.
If you find a section in the book which you would like to explore more fully on the CD-ROM, you can type the heading or a pertinent phrase from the section into your browser ‘Find’ function to locate it in the CD chapter. You may also search more generally via the Textbook Contents, and can use the Glossary to check in which chapter a term first occurs.
Additional material on the CD-ROM that is not in the book includes: Appendix 3 Potential drug interactions with EA Appendix 4 The teaching of electroacupuncture in North America: an informal survey Appendix 5 Acupoint innervation and terminology. Clinical studies database
Dedication
Contributors
These biographical details are based closely on material supplied by contributors. In some cases they have been minimally edited to avoid repetition, or for consistency of style.
Ken Andrews
Modern acupuncturist, osteomyologist and biological terrain practitioner in private practice, Leigh, Lancashire, UK. Qualified as an Osteopath (DO) in 1985 at the British Faculty of Osteopathy, Fylde Coast. Also studied acupuncture (TCM) and electroacupuncture according to Voll (EAV) via various courses in the UK, US and Germany. Now a registered osteomyologist and Biological Terrain practitioner, using Vega (Advanced), Mora and EAV. Has a teaching qualification (Cert Ed) and has taught auricular acupuncture and EAV internationally. Chairman, Auricular Association (GB).
Interests include concepts and the meaning of acupoint measurements/readings.
JK Andrews, 59 Telford Crescent, Leigh, Lancashire WN7 5LY, UK
kenandrews@eav-modern-acupuncture.org.uk
Steven KH Aung
Steven KH Aung is a family physician as well as a practitioner and teacher of traditional Chinese medicine, blending Eastern, Western and natural medicine in his clinic in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. At the University of Alberta, he is a clinical assistant professor in the Departments of Medicine and Family Medicine and adjunct professor in the Faculty of Extension.
Steven Aung founded the Certificate Program in Medical Acupuncture at the University of Alberta, and is founder and president of the World Natural Medicine Foundation, the College of Integrated Medicine and the World Congress of Medical Acupuncture and Natural Medicine (Beijing 1987, Beijing 1991, Edmonton 1995, Edmonton 2000). He is a visiting professor at various universities around the world, including the New York University College of Dentistry, and a World Health Organization advisor on acupuncture nomenclature, cancer pain and other topics.
President of the Canadian Medical Acupuncture Society, and a fellow of the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American College of Acupuncture and the Australian Medical Acupuncture Society, Steven Aung is the author of a number of articles and books on various aspects of traditional Chinese medicine. He is also president of the International Buddhist Friends Association. As a Buddhist, his main interest has always been the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and biomedicine within the context of a more natural and compassionate approach to primary health care.
Steven KH Aung, 9904–106 Street NW, Edmonton AB T5K 1C4, Canada
draung@aung.com; draungca@yahoo.ca
www.aung.com
Mark Bovey
Acupuncturist, Oxford. Coordinator, Acupuncture Research Resource Centre, Thames Valley University, West London. Faculty member, College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Reading, UK.
A first degree in zoology and a Masters in animal breeding led to a post as geneticist and technical specialist for a multinational pig breeding company. Alongside this he trained in acupuncture at the College of Traditional Acupuncture in the UK, and began part-time practice in 1983.
15 years later he severed his final ties with the pig-breeding world and applied for the job of coordinator of the Acupuncture Research Resource Centre, firstly at Exeter University and currently at Thames Valley University in West London. As well as teaching at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, he is an external examiner for another university-accredited college.
Mark Bovey, Oxford Natural Health Centre, 3 Church Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 3JR, UK
arrc@tvu.ac.uk
Ann Brownbill
Naturopath specialising in acupuncture, Welwyn Garden City, UK. Also works in London at a clinic providing acupuncture to those with drug misuse related problems.
Ann Brownbill has been nursing since 1988, specialising in intensive care since 1994. In 1999 she commenced her training as a naturopath, specialising in acupuncture during the final 2 years of the course. Her interest in naturopathy and acupuncture stems from curing her PMS and candida problems with a combination of acupuncture and dietary/lifestyle changes. In addition to this she was also aware of her growing dissatisfaction with Western medicine’s emphasis on the suppression and treatment of symptoms and an inability to see mind, body and spirit as one entity.
As part of her acupuncture clinical experience she worked at a clinic providing acupuncture to those with drug misuse related problems, and has continued working there since qualifying. She also has a private practice in her home town combining naturopathy with acupuncture and is developing her interest in the somatic representation of emotional issues. She is currently doing further study in acupuncture at Middlesex University.
Ann Brownbill, 31 Beechfield Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3RG, UK
Annbrownbill@hotmail.co.uk
Sarah Budd
Acupuncturist midwife, Maternity Unit, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK. Has worked as a research assistant in the Acupuncture Research Resource Centre. Co-authored a report for Department of Health on the Regulation of Complementary Medicine in the UK.
Having obtained a Midwifery Sister’s post, Sarah trained as a TCM acupuncturist (three year part-time course in London), then went on a four week clinical course in China. On returning, she set up an obstetric acupuncture service in Plymouth Maternity Unit in 1988 before completing a degree in Complementary Health Studies at Exeter University. In 1991 she won a Churchill Fellowship and went back to China to look at acupuncture anaesthesia. She was given the first and only post as a full-time acupuncturist midwife in the UK, then had a family, and now works one day each week in Plymouth.
The maternity acupuncture service was joint winner of the Prince of Wales′ Foundation for Integrated Health’s Award in December 2001.
Sarah’s main experience of electroacupuncture has been its use in analgesia for women in labour.
Sarah Budd, Midwife/Acupuncturist, Derriford Hospital, Derriford Road, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8DH, UK
sarahbudd@onetel.com
Josephine Cerqua
Acupuncturist in both private and NHS practice, London. Clinic assistant, University of Westminster polyclinic, London, UK
Josephine developed an interest in Traditional Chinese Medicine while working as an English teacher in Hong Kong. She subsequently returned to London where she graduated from the University of Westminster with a second degree in Acupuncture. She completed her dissertation on the use of acupuncture to induce labour and is particularly interested in the role of EA in this field. She currently works in London in private practice, and is also part of a team of acupuncturists who offer auricular and body acupuncture within an NHS clinic for a wide range of conditions including HIV and Hepatitis C. In addition, she works as a clinic assistant in the University of Westminster polyclinic.
Josephine Cerqua, School of Integrated Health, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
josephinecerqua@hotmail.com
Jennifer Chu
Associate professor and director, Electrodiagnosis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA. Has pioneered automated and electrical twitch-obtaining intramuscular stimulation.
MD, Institute of Medicine, Rangoon, Burma (1971), followed by postgraduate training in Electrodiagnostic Medicine, University of Uppsala, Sweden (1982).
Honorary member of European Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Belgian Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Has published a number of papers on her work.
Jennifer Chu, Associate Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
jechu@mail.med.upenn.edu
Mike Cummings
Medical director, British Medical Acupuncture Society. Also works privately as a lecturer, medical acupuncturist and musculoskeletal physician in London, UK. Formerly a medical officer in the Royal Air Force.
Mike Cummings trained in medical acupuncture with the British Medical Acupuncture Society (BMAS) and was the first person to go through their accreditation system when it was established in 1995. He has held the position of director of education for the BMAS since March 1997. In March 2001 he took up the post of medical director of the Society. This includes his former role, as well as that of medical director of the London Teaching Clinic. He also works privately as a lecturer, medical acupuncturist and musculoskeletal physician. His principal academic and clinical interest is muscle pain, and in particular, needling therapies in the treatment of myofascial pain syndromes. He has completed a systematic review in this area with Adrian White. Mike has been a member of the international editorial board for FACT (Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies) since August 1999.
Mike served as a medical officer in the Royal Air Force for 6½ years, where he fostered his interest in musculoskeletal medicine and applied various needling therapies in a range of disorders. Prior to training in medical acupuncture he used injection techniques extensively. Subsequently he worked for 4 years in private practice in the Southwest, during which time he was mainly engaged in the treatment of chronic pain.
Within three months of starting to use acupuncture, Mike began to utilise EA and has found it invaluable in clinical practice. Now that his clinical work is no longer in primary care he uses EA in roughly 75% of patients.
Mike has been known to dip his toe into the murky waters of NHS general practice from time to time, and he has a well-developed sense of humour, though the two have not always gone hand in hand. He is married to Sally, a former RAF pilot, and they have two children, Jemima and Michael. Whilst he no longer seems to have time for extracurricular activities, Mike has been known to enjoy snowboarding, skiing, surfing, white-water kayaking, freefall parachuting and sub-aqua diving.
T Mike Cummings, 5 Lime Terrace, London W7 3HE, UK
Medical-Director@medical-acupuncture.org.uk
Stuart Ferraris
Holistic dentist in private practice, Beaumaris, Wales, UK. Formerly a Dental Officer in the South African navy. Lectures nationally and internationally.
Stuart graduated from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1976. He spent the next two years as a dental officer in the navy. His free time was spent flying, sailing and starting his own practice 100 miles north of Cape Town.
During this time he built a 45-foot sailing boat that he launched in 1979. He then left the navy to give full time commitment to his private practice. In 1981, having finished the boat and sold his practice, he set sail with spouse and friends to South America.
‘Bella del Mare’, being equipped with a dental surgery, was well used in many ports of call. The main route included St Helena, Rio de Janeiro, the Caribbean, Bermuda and Holyhead. They had spent two years afloat when his first daughter arrived, so ‘Bella’ came to Menai Bridge, his wife’s home town, where he once again settled into general practice.
In March 1984, while preparing ‘Bella’ for the summer season, a gas explosion destroyed the boat and nearly Stuart himself. A year later he returned to work, albeit a little compromised. Among other wounds he was left with a brachial plexus injury. This meant he could not lift his right arm and had no function of biceps, deltoid and spinatus muscles. An arm splint allowed him to maintain his hand in a useful position; so life continued.
The chiropractic profession, and a passion for new ideas in complementary medicine, gave new hope to a condemned arm and other injuries. Now, looking the picture of health, he has attained many postgraduate diplomas (including a DDFHom), and continues to practice and lecture.
Stuart Ferraris, Beaumaris Dental Health Care, 6 Castle Street, Beaumaris, Gwynedd LL58 8AP, Cymru, UK
info@dentalhealth.co.uk
Michael Flowerdew
Electroacupuncture practitioner, Beccles, Suffolk, UK. Has co-authored a Cochrane review and instruction manuals and courses on modern approaches to acupuncture.
Michael Flowerdew has been an acupuncture practitioner for more than twenty years, following a career as a research biologist working at the University of Wales where he gained a PhD. His work has included writing training courses in modern approaches to acupuncture for medical practitioners as well as being part of a team developing electroacupuncture techniques for the treatment of a range of addictions and for dental analgesia. More recently, he and Gordon Gadsby, as part of the Cochrane Collaboration, worked on a systematic review of papers published on control of low back pain using electrical therapies. They have also published an instruction manual on the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control.
For a number of years he was a member of the local Community Health Council and is currently a member of a local Research Ethics Committee and the Clinical Ethics Advisory Group at an Acute NHS Trust, as well as being a PCRTA assessor for the Royal College of General Practitioners.
He has a special interest in the use of electroacupuncture during pregnancy.
Michael Flowerdew, 42 Station Road, Beccles, Suffolk NR34 9QJ, UK
mickwf@dsl.pipex.com
J Gordon Gadsby
Retired from private full time electroacupuncture practice, Leicester, UK. Co-author of a Cochrane review. Former nurse practitioner and lecturer, with a PhD on Electroanalgesia.
Gordon Gadsby is a nurse practitioner with over forty years experience in conventional and complementary health care practice. He trained in electroacupuncture in the early 1980s with the Society of Biophysical Medicine and in 1985 left a senior position in the NHS to practice full-time electroacupuncture. He wrote his PhD on ‘Electroanalgesia: historical and contemporary developments’, and is interested in all aspects of pain management. He was a member of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Group and, with Michael Flowerdew, contributed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the electrical treatment of chronic back pain to the Cochrane Library. He was also a lecturer in postgraduate pain management and complementary medicine at the De Montfort University Leicester, before recently taking early retirement.
Gordon Gadsby, 47 Milton Crescent, Leicester LE4 OPA, UK
gordongadsby@talktalk.net
www.virgin.net
Goto Kimiya
Ryodoraku practitioner in private practice, Yokohama, Japan. Standing director, Japanese Society of Ryodoraku Medicine; author of Society’s official basic ryodoraku textbook.
January 1944, born in Tochigi prefecture.
April 1962, work in medical manufacturing company.
March 1978, acquired OMD licence.
Studied ryodoraku under Dr Oiso, a favourite pupils of Dr Nakatani (originator of Ryodoraku).
May 1997, published Ryodoraku Therapy (Basic and Clinical), a 340 page textbook (in Japanese).
October 1999, recommended as a director of Japan Society of Ryodoraku Medicine (JSRM)
October 2000 Authorised as Ryodoraku specialist of acupuncture by JSRM, and published official JSRM Ryodoraku basic textbook (60 pages, in English).
2004 Standing director and chairman of Department of Science, JSRM
Goto Kimiya, Goto Acupuncture Clinic, F221-0076, 2–8 Shirahatacho Kanagawa-Ku, Yokahama, Japan
go0101@mx4.mesh.ne.jp
Maureen Lovesey
Physiotherapist and acupuncturist in private practice, Berkhamsted, UK. Founder member and first Chairman, Acupuncture Association of Physical therapists. Has lectured and published on various aspects of practice.
Trained in Orthopaedic Nursing and Physiotherapy at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, and in acupuncture at the London School of Acupuncture. Has worked as a physiotherapist in many NHS hospitals in both specialist and generalist roles, latterly as Superintendent Physiotherapist for Dacorum Area. In private practice since 1982, her practice treats a wide variety of conditions with a holistic approach. This may include acupuncture, electrotherapy, exercises, lifestyle counselling, manual therapy and relaxation amongst others. In addition to clinical work, also does some medico-legal work.
Has organised courses and conferences, given lectures and workshops on interferential therapy, acupuncture, laser, basic manual therapy and multi-modal therapy.
Joint editor and contributor to Acupuncture and Related Techniques for Physical Therapists (Churchill Livingstone 1997). Articles on acupuncture published in Complementary Therapy in Medicine, Physical Therapy Review, In Touch and other professional journals and newsletters.
Maureen Lovesey. Holly House, 6 Barncroft Road, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire HP4 3NL, UK
ridoutrm@yahoo.co.uk
Juliette Lowe
Practises acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine in Ardross and Inverness, Scotland. Previously worked in London both privately and within the NHS.
Juliette runs a general practice treating a wide variety of conditions. Treatment is based on the 8 principles of TCM, but she brings in her previous training in Psychology (BSc) as well as her present interest in yoga (she has trained as an Astanga yoga teacher). Electroacupuncture is predominantly used in her practice for pain relief and paralysis. When in London, she ran a private practice and worked from a GP fundholding practice as well as a hospital pain clinic.
Juliette trained in acupuncture at the London School of Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (LSATCM, 1990) and in Chinese herbal medicine at the London Academy of Oriental Medicine (LAOM, 1996). She is a member of the British Acupuncture Council (BAcC) and the Register of Chinese Herbal Medicine (RCHM).
Juliette Lowe, Dalreoich, Ardross, Alness, Ross-shire IV17 0YQ, Scotland
juliette@dalreoich.co.uk
David F Mayor
Acupuncturist in private practice, Welwyn Garden City, UK. Lectures on electroacupuncture at a number of acupuncture colleges.
At the age of six, became the proud owner of an electric train set. Three years later, his stepfather – himself a great reader – suggested he keep a diary of all the books he read, so he did. The first book in the list was The Story of Electricity.
Initiation into electrotherapy came at the age of 14, when David developed Bell’s palsy as a result of sitting in a draft during an O-level exam while recovering from chicken pox. Whether it was the electrical treatment, sitting in the garden on warm summer afternoons with an attractive physiotherapist, his absolute conviction that he would recover, or just the natural course of things, this attack of Wind-Cold left little behind it except a further fascination with things electrical and a slightly drooping mouth when tired. At school, focused on mathematics and physics, although ‘Teddy’ Potter, his physics teacher and mentor, tried to persuade him to stop reading and start painting.
He didn’t listen then, but at Cambridge University switched midstream from studying mathematical physics to fine art (including kinetic art – with electric motors!), reading McLuhan and Lao Zi, going on to postgraduate research on contemporary performance art at Exeter University, under Mike Weaver. At the same time he joined Beau Geste Press, an experimental publishing venture whose home was an Elizabethan farmhouse in the middle of the Devon countryside. Together, they edited and published some seventy artists’ books and magazines (including several little books and ‘multiples’ of his own). With their support, he was able to organise a large travelling exhibition of performance art (this collection is now in the Tate Modern, London).
After the demise of the Press, he met Mike’s father, Herbert Weaver, an inspirational dowser and thinker, and became very involved with his work on the Revealer device. Together with Mike, he edited an audio cassette magazine on dowsing and energy-based medicine, including acupuncture. This led on to training in biodynamic massage/psychotherapy and radionics in London, and then in Five Element acupuncture at the College of Traditional Acupuncture in Leamington (1980-82). Further Five Element study followed, as well as TCM with John and Angela Hicks, and auricular acupuncture with the Association of Auriculotherapy.
In 1988 started using electroacupuncture (EA) and associated methods in his practice after a brief apprenticeship with Roger Rose and the home study course organised by Equinox (the Society for Biophysical Medicine). As usual, read voraciously on the subject. In 1996, at the invitation of John and Angela Hicks, started teaching EA at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, then at other acupuncture colleges in the UK. A member of the British Acupuncture Council (BAcC), is also proud to be an honorary member of the Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (AACP).
Currently runs an acupuncture practice in Hertfordshire, integrating different strands of traditional and modern acupuncture with other skills learned over the years. While working on this book, also acted as technical editor to Donica Publishing for their 2007 textbook Clinical Application of Commonly Used Acupuncture Points by Li Shizhen. Is married (his longsuffering wife is a Jungian analyst), with one son. Would describe himself as a lapsed Buddhist.
David F Mayor, 86 Handside Lane, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL8 6SJ, UK
davidmayor@welwynacupuncture.co.uk
Pekka J Pöntinen
Associate professor of Anaesthesiology, Kuopio and Tampere Universities, Finland. President, Laser Therapy Institute, Zug, Switzerland. Editor in chief, Scandinavian Journal of Acupuncture and Electrotherapy, 1986–1992. Author of over 200 articles and five books. Lecturer on acupuncture and laser therapy worldwide since the 1970s.
Graduated from School of Medicine, Turku University 1957; Speciality Examining Board Certification in Anaesthesiology 1965; PhD Kuopio University, 1977.
Assistant professor of Physiology (Neurophysiology), School of Medicine, Kuopio University, 1974-1975; associate professor of Anaesthesiology 1978 to date; director, Acupuncture Research Project, Kuopio University, 1975 to date; associate professor of Anaesthesiology, Tampere University 1980 to date.
Hospital appointments include: chief, Department of Anesthesiology, Savonlinna Central Hospital 1965-1969; chief, Department of Anaesthesiology, Kainuu Central Hospital 1969-1975; medical director, Kankaanpää Rehabilitation Centre 1989-1992.
Consultant appointments include: Pain clinic, Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, 1975-1993; permanent advisor in acupuncture and low energy laser matters for Finnish Board of Health 1975-1992 and for Finnish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs 1993 to date.
Member of the Scientific Boards of several international scientific journals. Active member and fellow of numerous national and international societies of acupuncture, laser therapy and the treatment of pain. Founding member of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP).
Has published over 200 articles on cardiac arrhythmias, anaesthesiological and intensive care problems, gastrointestinal surgery, acute and chronic pain, acupuncture, algometry, laser therapy and rehabilitation. Author of five books and co-author in five editions, with special contributions in various textbooks and monographs on pain therapy, acupuncture and laser therapy.
Has taught acupuncture and laser therapy courses worldwide since 1970s, with postgraduate courses in acupuncture, laser therapy and chronic pain in Kuopio and Tampere Universities since 1976.
Recent publications include: ‘Low energy photon therapy in veterinary medicine’, in: Schoen A, Wynn S 1998 (eds) Alternative and Complementary Veterinary Medicine, Mosby, St Louis; ‘Anatomy and physiology of acupuncture points’ in: Salim M 1999 (ed) Acupuncture, Treatment and Anaesthesia, Rawalpindi (5th edn); chapters on Neurophysiology, Vascular effects and indications, and Limitations and adverse effects, in: Pothmann R 2003 (ed) TENS – Transkutane elektrische Nervenstimulation in der Schmerztherapie. Hippokrates, Stuttgart (3rd updated edn).
Pekka J Pöntinen, Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
pj.pontinen@sci.fi
Rodney S Robinson
Faculty administrator, Society of Biophysical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, where he also works with CIC-Drug Services and is closely involved with research and development of new electrostimulation and measurement approaches. Has a background in nursing, biomedical sciences and homoeopathy.
Rodney is a Registered Nurse with a background in ITU and coronary care, holds a degree in biomedical sciences, a doctorate in homoeopathic medicine, and qualified in acupuncture with the Liverpool-based International Society of Biophysical Medicine (recently relaunched after a period as the Society of Electrotherapists), which he first joined in 1988. He is particularly interested in a project left off in the early days of the Society’s work, namely the use of the Equinox Treatment System within the field of HIV/AIDS.
Rodney S Robinson, Biophysical Medicine Ltd, c/o The People’s Centre, 50-52 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5SD, UK
rodney@biophysicalmedicine.com
Lynnae Schwartz
Senior research fellow, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, and consultant for complex chronic pain in children through the Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
Graduated from Tufts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 1977. Paediatric internship and residency at Massachusetts General Hospital, followed by anaesthesia residency at the New England Medical Center and fellowship in paediatric anaesthesia and critical care at The Children’s Hospital, all in Boston. Since completion of training, has worked in hospital-based settings, providing anaesthesia, critical care and complex pain management services for children. In current position since July 2000.
Graduated from New England School of Acupuncture, 1993, with MAc from the same institution, 1996. Education and training have been according to Traditional Chinese Medicine theory and practice, which is her primary approach. Case studies in this book reflect efforts to integrate the principles and techniques of Traditional Chinese Medicine into allopathic medical practice.
Lynnae Schwartz, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4164, USA
schwartl@ninds.nih.gov
Ron Sharp
Physiotherapist and acupuncturist at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. Teaches acupuncture for the Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physiotherapists and runs a private sports injury clinic
Graduated in 1972 from Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield, as a remedial gymnast and recreational therapist, and worked initially in active group rehabilitation at Garston Manor and Watford General Hospital. It was there that the interest in sports medicine was developed. Had the opportunity to work with Watford Football Club. Several of those at Watford became the first therapists to work in local authority leisure centres running successful sports injury clinics.
First love was and still is athletics. While working in Watford, then later in industry for Rank Xerox, became therapist to one of the Great Britain athletics teams, and travelled to exotic and not so exotic places. At the same time was studying at the British College of Acupuncture, on their five-year degree course, so was one of the first acupuncturists to work with elite athletes, which he did for over ten years.
Has been involved with the teaching and learning programmes run by the Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (AACP) at Diploma and later MSc levels, and did a two-year teacher training course especially to teach acupuncture.
His particular approach to acupuncture is very Eastern, although Western physiotherapy training does marry very well. Electroacupuncture is mainly used for chronic pain relief, specifically with auricular therapy.
At present works at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, where 90% of his work is acupuncture, as well as running his own sports injury clinic.
Ronald J Sharp, Physiotherapy Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Mandeville Rd, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP21 8AL, UK
Ron.Sharp@buckshosp.nhs.uk
John L Stump
Practises at a private integrative medicine centre in Fairhope, AL, USA. Has doctorates in sports medicine, chiropractic and oriental medicine. Teaches for the International Academy of Medical Acupuncture. Author of several books and articles.
An outstanding athlete since high school, he has always been drawn toward areas of health and fitness. Teaching high school biology, he was fascinated with the function of the human body. It was therefore no surprise when he decided to become a physician.
He did his undergraduate work in biology at the University of Maryland (1970) and a Masters (1987) and Doctorate (1998) in Sports Medicine at the United States Sports Academy. In addition he attained a doctorate in Chiropractic Medicine from Palmer College (1976) and went on to do postdoctoral work in oriental medicine and acupuncture in Japan and China, receiving his OMD degree from Beijing College of Oriental Medicine in 1981.
His training began with Dr Shingo Fukinbara of Kobe, Japan, under whose mentorship he studied for four years. Dr Fukinbara then suggested he go to China and continue his pursuit with Dr Wu Wei Ping. After a further four years he graduated from China Medical University, Bejing in 1981. During his time in China and Japan he followed up his interests in martial arts training at the Shaolin Temple in Honan Province and the Kongo Zen Sohonzan Shorinji Temple in Shikoku, Japan.
Armed with a unique perspective of health care from an Eastern as well as Western scientific view, he was ask to be a team doctor in 1986 with the Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Olympics.
While in Korea, he worked for the Korean Sang Mu Military Organization. They were especially interested in their athletes having acupuncture and chiropractic treatment. During this time, he studied under Dr Tae-Woo Yoo, the founder of Korean hand Acupuncture, but as a Gai Jin the school was very difficult.
Originally from Delaware, he moved his practice to Fairhope, Alabama, continuing to teach acupuncture for Parker College, New York College, Logan College and the International Academy of Medical Acupuncture until his stroke in 1999. He has also taught at Anshan City Teaching Hospital and Shaanxi College of Traditional Medicine (China), Sudo and Chukyo Chiropractic Colleges (Japan), and Faulkner State College and the Oriental Studies Institute (USA).
He holds four international patents, and has authored over thirty published articles, six books and manuals of acupuncture, as well as a number articles on sports medicine. He has himself been active in many sports.
He is married, with three children.
John Stump is committed to the expansion of Integrative Medicine and to the redefinition of the American physician’s mandate.
John L Stump, Integrative Medicine Centre, 915 Plantation Blvd, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA
bamashogun@aol.com
Lyndsey Taylor (now Isaacs)
Acupuncturist in private practice, Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, UK ; also works at a clinic specialising in the use of electroacupuncture in the treatment of infertility. Has worked as a nurse in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and the USA.
Lyndsey Taylor is a registered general nurse (RGN) with over ten years experience in gastrointestinal, orthopaedics and ophthalmology nursing. She has worked as an RGN in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and the USA.
Keen to adopt a more holistic approach to her work, in 2002 she qualified with a BSc (Hons) in Traditional Chinese Medicine-Acupuncture from the University of Westminster, London. During both her clinical experience there and in private practise she has used acupuncture in the effective treatment of chronic gastrointestinal problems (for instance, morning sickness and IBS).
She currently runs a small general practice in Hertfordshire, and works part-time at the Zita West Clinic in Harley Street, specialising in the use of electroacupuncture in the treatment of infertility. She is planning to take part in a research study in this area.
Lindsey Taylor, Dormers Cottage, The Green, Croxley Green, Herts WD3 3HX, UK
lyndsey_acupuncture@yahoo.co.uk
Adrian R White
Runs a small private acupuncture clinic in Saltash, Cornwall, UK ; Editor in Chief, Acupuncture in Medicine; Past Chairman and Treasurer, British Medical Acupuncture Society; Formerly Senior Lecturer, Department of Complementary Medicine, Exeter University. Has published systematic reviews, RCTs and other primary research on acupuncture.
Adrian White first qualified as a GP and worked for a number of years in a practice in Cornwall. Becoming interested in acupuncture, he studied traditional Chinese acupuncture at the British College of Acupuncture, then developed a Western approach within the British Medical Acupuncture Society. While practising acupuncture in a private clinic in Plymouth, he also worked as medical director of a drug and alcohol rehabilitation service. He worked at the Department of Complementary Medicine at Exeter University from 1994 to 2003, reaching the grade of Senior Lecturer. During this time he published RCTs on acupuncture for smoking cessation and for tension headache, and a large survey on the safety of acupuncture practised by doctors and physiotherapists. He was editor of Complementary Therapies in Medicine from 2000 to2003.
Adrian White, General Practice and Primary Care, Peninsula Medical School, Room N32, ITTC Building, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth PL6 8BX, UK
adrian.white@pms.ac.uk
Jacqueline Young
Clinical psychologist and oriental medical practitioner, with a practice in central London, UK. Author of several books on natural medicine and a regular contributor to health publications and websites.
Jacqueline currently practices at her Healthcheck Clinic in central London. She has studied and worked with Dr Hiroshi Motoyama (inventor of the AMI device and founder of the Motoyama Institute for Life Physics) for over twenty years. Details of her clinic, books and the AMI are available from:
Jacqueline Young, The Healthcheck Clinic, 144 Harley Street, London W1G 7LE, UK
healthjackie@aol.com
Consulting editors
Rebecca Avern
In private practice as an acupuncturist in London and Hertfordshire. Has a degree in religion and literature from Bristol University (1994), assisted Giovanni Maciocia in writing Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine (1998–2003), and trained in acupuncture at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Reading (2001).
Rebecca Avern, Berkhamsted Acupuncture Clinic, Naturality, 42 Lower King’s Road, Berkhamsted, Herts HP4 2AA, UK
Rebecca.avern@ntlworld.com
Clare Dobie
Clare’s initial training was in Western herbal medicine. She graduated in 1991and has been practising since then. Subsequently she completed a course in acupuncture at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine (CICM), in Reading, and since 1996 has used both therapies in her practice. She also teaches Western and Chinese medicine at CICM. She lives in Staffordshire with her two children.
Clare Dobie, The Ishta Centre, 26 Kings Avenue, Stone, Staffordshire ST15 8HD, UK
claredobie@ukacupuncturists.co.uk
Diana Griffin
Diana Griffin graduated from the College of Traditional Acupuncture, Leamington Spa, in 1988, going on to complete the advanced Licentiate at the same college and the Clinical Integration course with Angela and John Hicks in London. In 2003 she received an MA in medical anthropology from the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Currently Diana lectures in acupuncture at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine in Reading, with a particular interest in auricular acupuncture. She runs a private practice in Hertfordshire and is also a first aid trainer with the British Red Cross.
Diana Griffin, 149 Parsonage Lane, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 5BD, UK
DoveTail@aol.com
Susie Parkinson
Susie Parkinson is a Five Element and TCM acupuncturist, with an interest in cancer and palliative care.
After her initial degree, she spent twenty years in sales and management in the IT industry, before commencing training in Five Element acupuncture at the College of Traditional Acupuncture (1999). She has gone on to study TCM at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine.
Her interest in acupuncture in palliative care led her to open an acupuncture clinic at St Gemma’s Hospice in Leeds, where she continues to work. She also intends to develop her interest in herbal medicine.
Susie has a private practice in Barnsley set in large peaceful grounds, where her patients enjoy the opportunity to commune with her two llamas, Lulu and Cilla.
Susie Parkinson, Woodlands, Woolley Colliery Rd, Barnsley, Yorkshire S75 5JE, UK
Susie@Parkinson.net
www.susie.parkinson.net
Karen Proudfoot
Karen Proudfoot has a BSc in Pharmacology, a PhD in Biochemistry and fifteen years experience in biochemical research. She trained in acupuncture at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine in Reading. She practices from there and also at the University of Reading and at the Natural Health Consultancy in Crowthorne.
Karen Proudfoot, College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, 19 Castle street, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 7SB, UK
acupuncture@tesco.net
Will Richardson
Will Richardson trained at Cambridge University and St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, qualifying in 1973. He spent seven years specialising in hospital medicine, becoming a member of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP UK). From 1980, he was a principal in General Practice in Salisbury, but left in 1994 to set up his own private clinic. In 1990 he started studying acupuncture, and undertook formal training in traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture at the British College of Acupuncture in London, where he was awarded the college prize on graduating. He then taught at the College until 1998. In addition to traditional acupuncture, he has studied modern aspects of acupuncture, with a particular interest in the treatment of myofascial pain. From 1996 to 2001, he ran short courses on acupuncture and related techniques for clinicians. Since 1997, he has also had a major interest in the role that diet and nutrition play in the prevention and management of illness.
William Richardson, Manor Cottage, Durnford Road, Stratford sub Castle, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP1 3YP, UK
will@will-rich.fsnet.co.uk
John Wheeler
John Wheeler is the company secretary and an executive committee member of the British Acupuncture Council, and currently chairs its Finance Committee. He was a member of the UK Department of Health’s Acupuncture Regulatory Working Group, and is currently a part of the DoH Acupuncture Stakeholders Group and National Occupational Standards for Acupuncture Working Group. An acupuncturist for the last sixteen years, he currently has a private practice in Windsor and also works as a freelance writer and editor. In this role, he worked on two books by the late JR Worsley, Traditional Diagnosis, and Elements and Officials.
He believes that all life is suffering, but as suffering goes, it’s been worth it (as he knows from his long-term support of Notts County football team).
John Wheeler, Windsor Center of Traditional Acupuncture, 5A St Leonards Road, Windsor, Berkshire SL4 3BN, UK
johnbacc@msn.com
Billie Wray
Billie has been a qualified teacher since 1972. She graduated from the College of Traditional Acupuncture in 1988 and has been in practice since then. She went on to complete the Acupuncture Skills course and the Clinical Integration course run by Angela and John Hicks in 1992, and is one of several faculty members who have been teaching at the College of Integrated Medicine since its inception in 1993. In practice in Kent for twelve years, she then moved to Gloucestershire, where she has a practice in Nailsworth.
Billie Wray, Bath Road Practice, 2 Market Street, Nailsworth, Stroud Gloucestershire GL6 0BX, UK
billiemeruwray@hotmail.com
Acknowledgements
This publication, so long in its maturing, would not have been possible without the help, support and patience of very many people.
In the first place, I would like to thank my respected teachers Angela and John Hicks of the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine (CICM), who encouraged me in my own aspiration to teach electroacupuncture, and Bennie (Man Fong) Mei of AcuMedic, who first suggested I consider publishing my teaching notes in some form. Inta Ozols, who initially commissioned the book for Churchill Livingstone, was very generous in her trust, despite my wildly ambitious ideas, and that support has been continued by her successor as Elsevier’s commissioning editor for complementary and integrative medicine, Karen Morley, and by Kerry McGechie and Louis Allsop, development editors. The production and marketing staff at Elsevier, and Richard Cook at Keyword, have been most helpful (especially the mega-efficient Arnaud D’Agostini). I have particularly appreciated the calm support of my copy editor, Christine Wyard.
Those who have waited longest have been the many practitioners who contributed case studies early on for the book. I appreciate their patience, and hope that their work is presented as they would like it. Other contributors, who rescued the ship when I realised I could no longer row with only one oar, generously provided whole chapters, or chunks of chapters, and good humouredly put up with my bullying as time seemed to stretch inexorably past all deadlines. All these are named in the Table of Contents. I am also honoured that Zang-Hee Cho, and Angela and John Hicks, have written forewords for the publication.
Without editing, this book would have been totally unreadable. Those who have helped here include Rebecca Avern (Ch. 9.15), Clare Dobie (Chs 9.2 and 9.7), Mick Flowerdew (Ch. 9.14), Diana Griffin (Ch. 9.5), Susie Parkinson (Ch. 3), Karen Proudfoot (Ch. 9.8), Will Richardson (Ch. 9.4) and Billie Wray (Ch. 9.1). I am most grateful for their help, particularly Billie, who suggested that John Wheeler might be a good person to complete the job. Which he did, at immense speed, ploughing through all the chapters in the book with scalpels flailing, yet with great courtesy and understanding. I’ve no idea how he did it, in addition to the huge amount of work he was putting in for the British Acupuncture Council at the same time. Thank you, John.
Literature research to deal with many of the queries arising before the chapters could be finalised was carried out by Josephine Cerqua, Alex Griffin and Pekka Pöntinen.
At an earlier stage, before the chapters were edited, I was fortunate in that several people managed to read some of them through, in whole or in part. For this, I am grateful to Steven Aung, Panos Barlas, Ifor Capel, Dick Chapman, Bob Charman, Riccardo Cuminetti, Helen Dorrell, Gordon Gadsby, Alison Gould, Kuratani Kyomi, Jim Oschman (to whom I also apologise for some rather outspoken comments I have made publicly on his own books), Susie Parkinson, Jackie Young and particularly Richard Hammerschlag, who ploughed through Ch. 7 in a rather noisy London pub with me one illuminating evening when things were looking especially difficult. I appreciate their helpful suggestions, although I have to say I happily ignored most of them, being a stubborn sort of animal. I did pay some attention, though, to the anonymous Churchill Livingstone reviewers who were helpful in shaping this book in its very earliest stages, although they may not think so now, and to the detailed feedback of Mike Cummings on Appendix 5.
The text is only one part of this publication. Illustrations help where further words might only confuse, but this was one part of the process that I found most difficult and frustrating. Without Melissa Maudling’s ability to interpret my scribblings as precise line drawings, Riccardo Cuminetti’s skills with digital photography, and the facility and patience of Graeme Chambers in preparing the final versions, I would truly have been lost. Thanks too to all those who provided other material (as indicated in figure captions throughout).
In addition, there is the database. Like the book, this grew from a small seed of an idea into something too large for any one person to handle. I have to thank all who have endured the tedium of entering clinical studies, from those at the beginning, when it was all unfamiliar territory, such as Karen Adams, Jane Curtis, Elke Hockings and Susannah Turner, to later stalwarts like Josephine Cerqua and Paul Smithson. Gordon Gadsby did a particularly useful job on the TENS studies. Translation work was also involved, and here I would have been totally out of my depth without Josephine Cerqua (French, Italian, Spanish), Natasha Gromak, Anna Nerukh and Irina Szmelskyj (Russian, Ukrainian), Anja Matthey de l′Etang (French, German), Irmi Hochrein, Homayoun Pakzamir, Diana Schneidewind, Sabine Schnelle, Petra Werth and Ulrike Wirth (German), Cinzia Scorzon (Italian) and Ye Jing Huang (Chinese). Jing, in particular, has been a star, working her way with gusto through thousands of studies, in English as well as Chinese, despite her other commitments.
Others who have helped with translation queries include Park Jongbae, Giovanni Maciocia, Peter Offord and Hilary Smith (who worked on some of the Chinese experimental studies).
Without libraries, there would have been no studies to translate. I am indebted to Val Cooper and Wendy Roberts of Cambridge University Medical Library for their help in providing material and searching online databases, to John Moffett of the Needham Research Institute for his generosity in allowing Jing Huang and myself to work there whenever we wished, to Kath Boydell and others in my local library for putting up with my hundreds of requests for interlibrary loans, to Lynn Saliba at the British Library for her unfailing good humour and kindness. Other libraries consulted include those at the College of Integrated Chinese Medicine, the Northern College of Acupuncture, the Renshu College of Chinese Medicine and the New York Academy of Medicine, as well as several Cambridge libraries and libraries associated with University College, London. Jo Barnes, librarian at the Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, Heide Sulzer at the Bibliothek Universitätsklinikuk Würzburg and Sandra Elterlein of the Wissenschaftszentrum der Deutschen ärztegesellschaft für Akupunktur were all most helpful.
A particularly tedious task has been formatting the thousands of references in both the text and the database. Here I would like first to acknowledge the help of my son Seth, who then handed on the baton to Alex and Alison Griffin of the Bishops Stortford Griffinery. Diana Griffin nobly wrestled with the intricacies of Excel to help format the database itself. Finally, Cepha Imaging in Bangalore, genially mediated by Colin McEwan at Elsevier in Edinburgh and with some tough monitoring of thousands of corrections by Fraser Johnston (also at Elsevier), managed to shape it into something useful and manageable.
Subjecting myself and a succession of computers to a gruelling schedule over the past few years has taken its toll, I have to say. Without the help of my acupuncturists Helen Thomas and Xie Ming, osteopaths Sharon Winkler and Caroline Penn, and wonderful regular massage from Melissa Maudling and Paula Cox, I know I would not have been able to continue. This publication owes a lot to them, as well as to Steve Ford, Keith Malpass and Chris Stocken, who have managed to calm me and my computers at times of electronic disaster.
Writing is only possible if you can spare the time to do it. I owe a great deal to my family for their financial support over the years, and realise that otherwise it would not have been possible to devote myself to this project as fully as I have. I am also indebted to the following, who have helped to fund the database and other work involved in this publication:
The Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physiotherapists
The British Acupuncture Council
Body Clock Health Care, London
Harmony Medical, London
Nidd Valley Medical, Knaresborough, N Yorkshire
Noma (Complex Homoeopathy), Southampton
Scarboroughs, Crewkerne, Somerset
Daniela Matal, Brentwood, Essex.
I would also like to express my thanks to Mark Bovey, Val Hopwood, Colin Lewis and Clare Stephenson, who found time in their busy lives to review the database as it neared completion. We have tried to incorporate as many of their suggestions as possible in the current version of the software.
Finally, I am immensely and always grateful to Susan, my wife, whose unstinting hard work, quiet support and incisive intuitions have made everything possible, and to Seth, my son, for showing me that I do not have to be afraid of life ‘beyond the book’.
Many others have helped with advice, discussion and support, dealt uncomplainingly with my endless questions, given interview time, suggested contacts, provided literature, loaned equipment, allowed me to teach and learn from their students, taught me themselves, or helped with research. It would not be possible to detail all their individual contributions, but the least I can do is to list them here (I apologise if I have inadvertently forgotten anybody):
Faruq Abdullah, Ehud Ahissar, Mark Aird, Thomas Allen, John Alltree, Gad Alon, Monica Anderson, Bridie Andrews, Rowena Archibald, David Arnold, Gill Avery, Shunsuke Baba, Ken Bachelor, Panos Barlas, Marilyn Bash, Dave Baxter, Jennifer Bending, Alan Bennett, Phyllis Berger, Simon Best, Stephen Birch, Jill Black, Martin Blank, Fred Bleach, Geoff Blundell, Chris Boardman, Lynley Bradnam, Steven E Braverman, Shar Bridgeman, Michael Broffman, Mike Brooking, Charlie Buck, Michael Burgess, Greg Byatt, Sarah Byfield, Woody Caan, Anthony Campbell, Julian Campbell, Ifor Capel, Philippe Castéra, Dick Chapman, Bob Charman, Wu Chau, Chang Chi-Sen, the late Takeshige Chifuyu, the late Ken Chitty, Zang-Hee Cho, Philip Choy, Jennifer Chu, Richard Clarke, Jo Clelland, Mark Cohen, Carola Beresford Cooke, Irena Cosic, James Coulthurst, Oliver Crimmond, Rolf Croon, John Cross, Pat Culliton, Carol Daglish, Dan and Tracey Kirsch, Margaret Davis, Peter Deadman, Arnold Desser, Russell Dick, Gloria Dodd, Murray Douglas, Janet Edwards, Shaun Ekberg, Russell Erickson, Jeanette Ezzo, Diana Farragher, Xiao Fei, Gerhart Feucht, Jackie Filshie, Peggy Finston, Mike Fitter, Jean Fitzgerald, Bob Flaws, Mick Flowerdew, Emma Foa, Debra Friedman, Gordon Gadsby, Gilbert Gagne, John Gavin, Li Geng, Rodney Girdlestone, Maria Glinski, Rolf Gordon, Victoria Gray, Diana Griffin, Corinne Groom, Nick Haines, Richard Hammerschlag, Wendy Harpur, Michael Heffernan, Richard (Dick) Heitmann, Rudolf Helling, Bridget (Bee) Henderson, Nick Henley, Angela Hicks, Mary Boyd Higgins, Janet Hiller, Oda Hirohisa, Motoyama Hiroshi, Val Hopwood, Paul Hougham, Elisabeth Hsü, Kathleen Hui, Michael Hutchison, Georgio Iacuzzo, Richard James, Wilfrid Jänig, Chiu Jen-Hwey, Wu Jidong, Yu Jin, Han Jisheng, Mark Johnson, Gareth Jones, Yoshimoto Kanji, G Kantor, Milan Kantorek, Nishijo Kazushi, Kawakita Kenji, Julian Kenyon, Kay Kiernan, Jeffrey Kintish, Sheila Kitchen, Alan Klide, Kuratani Kyomi, Bill Laver, Gillian Lee, George Lewith, Klaus Linde, Saul Liss, Gerhard Litscher, Janet Lloyd-Jones, Wendy Longworth, Maureen Lovesey, Dominic Lu, David Lytle, Daphne Lytton, Hugh MacPherson, Alex Macdonald, Simon Martin, Ørjan Martinsen, Stavros Martoudis, Norman McVea, Ronald Melzack, Xie Ming, John Moffett, Peter Mole, the late John Morley, Diana Mossop, Alison Motluk, Stephen Nadeau, Margaret Naeser, Jeremy Nagle, Brian Newman, Johan Nguyen, James Nichols, Erik Nielsen, Joseph Odom, Terry Oleson, Jo Smith Oliver, Dr Oo, Rory Orr-Sabard, Jim Oschman, Will Parfitt, Chris Payne, Caroline Penn, Pekka Pöntinen, Cynthia Poon, Arthur Prochazka, Ann Rambaut, Sanjeev Rastogi, Robert Redfern, Galia Reuveny, Stan Richardson, Karen Robb, Rodney Robinson, Phil Rogers, Marco Romoli, Gerda Rondé, Paul Rosch, the late Roger Rose, Mark Rosen, Joel Rossen, Palle Rosted, Uchida Sae, Ian Sanderson, Sandy Sandifer, Jack Sandover, Jürgen Sandkühler, Leon Saunders, Martin Schürmann, Volker Scheid, Vilhelm Schjelderup, Allen Schoen, Oona Scott, Tony Scott-Morley, John Senior, Jackie Shaw, Norman Shealy, Joannie Shen, Martin Silliton, David Skates, Thea Slegtenhorst-Bakker, Clare Smith, Cyril Smith, André de Smul, Des Snowden, Rosemary Steel, Duncan Stewart, Bob Story, Hisamitsu Tadashi, Tim Tanaka, Kim Taylor, Roger Taylor, Chu Teh-Ching, Mikhail Teppone, Moolamanil Thomas, John Thompson, Are Thoresen, William Tiller, Keith Tippey, Susan Tomkins, Julia Tsuei, Emad Tukmachi, Jan Tunér of WALT, Regis Turocy, Ken Underhill, Clare Underwood, Andrew Vickers, Charlie Vincent, Tamara Voronina, Geoff Wadlow, Paula Walmsley, Deirdre Walsh, Charles Wansbrough, Adam Ward, Lester Ward, Alan Watkins, Tim Watson, Bernhard Weber, John Wheeler, Adrian White, Paul White, Susan White, Petra Wilder-Smith, Roger Worthington, Chris Wright, Hu Xianglong, Chris Zaslawski, Andreas Zohmann
and:
List of abbreviations and icons
List of major abbreviations used in the CD-ROM version of this publication:
Acupoint nomenclature
Acupoints are listed using the standard alphanumeric method rather than Chinese point names, with the following abbreviations:
Points on the Bladder meridian are numbered according to the convention:
Points on the Stomach meridian are numbered according to the convention:
Extra points are labelled according to the system used in ACUPUNCTURE: A COMPREHENSIVE TEXT,2 and A MANUAL OF ACUPUNCTURE.3
Icons
Icons used in this publication, particularly for navigation in the CD-ROM resource:
